Blast effects thus scale with the inverse cube law which relates radius to volume. The amount of matter increases with the volume of the imaginary sphere centered on the explosion. The more matter the energy travels through, the smaller the effect. When it passes through air it simply grows weaker. When the blast wave passes through solid material, the energy left behind causes damage. The blast wave deposits energy in the material it passes through, including air. It is important to note that the area subjected to damage by thermal radiation increases almost linearly with yield.īlast effect is a volume effect. Actually the rate of increase is somewhat less, partly due to the fact that larger bombs emit heat more slowly which reduces the damage produced by each calorie of heat. Thus the destructive radius increases with the square root of the yield (this is the familiar inverse square law of electromagnetic radiation). The area of an (imaginary) sphere centered on the explosion increases with the square of the radius. A bomb that is 100 times larger can produce equal thermal radiation intensities over areas 100 times larger.
The thermal radiation affects exposed surfaces, producing damage by rapid heating. The fraction of a bomb's yield emitted as thermal radiation, blast, and ionizing radiation are essentially constant for all yields, but the way the different forms of energy interact with air and targets vary dramatically.Īir is essentially transparent to thermal radiation. The underlying principles behind these scaling laws are easy to explain. This is based on thermal radiation just sufficient to cause 3rd degree burns (8 calories/cm^2) a 4.6 psi blast overpressure (and optimum burst height) and a 500 rem radiation dose. If Y is in multiples (or fractions) of 2.5 kt, then the result is in km (and all the constants equal one). The equations below provide approximate scaling laws for relating the destructive radius of each effect with yield: All are capable of inflicting fatal injuries at a range of 1 km. With an explosive yield of about 2.5 kt, the three effects are roughly equal. At low yields, all three can be significant sources of injury. Their relative importance varies with the yield of the bomb. The three categories of immediate effects are: blast, thermal radiation (heat), and prompt ionizing or nuclear radiation. The radioactive decay of fallout releases an additional 5-10% over time. The distribution of energy released in the first minute after detonation among the three damage causing effects is: These two classes of effects are treated in separate subsections. The delayed effects (radioactive fallout and other possible environmental effects) inflict damage over an extended period ranging from hours to centuries, and can cause adverse effects in locations very distant from the site of the detonation.
Immediate effects (blast, thermal radiation, prompt ionizing radiation) are produced and cause significant destruction within seconds or minutes of a nuclear detonation.
Nuclear explosions produce both immediate and delayed destructive effects.
#BREAKAWAY AUDIO ENHANCER EFEK ARCHIVE#
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